{"id":1909,"date":"2016-10-24T15:46:17","date_gmt":"2016-10-24T13:46:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/5.249.146.118\/perche-i-francesi-fanno-piu-figli-di-tutti\/"},"modified":"2016-10-24T15:46:17","modified_gmt":"2016-10-24T13:46:17","slug":"perche-i-francesi-fanno-piu-figli-di-tutti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nuovi-lavori.it\/index.php\/perche-i-francesi-fanno-piu-figli-di-tutti\/","title":{"rendered":"Perch\u00e9 i francesi fanno pi\u00f9 figli di tutti"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c8 da anni il paese europeo con i livelli di natalit\u00e0 pi\u00f9 alti: c’entrano le efficaci politiche di aiuto alle donne e alle coppie, anche quelle non sposate.
Marted\u00ec 15 marzo l\u2019Eurostat, l\u2019Ufficio Statistico dell\u2019Unione Europea,\u00a0ha diffuso<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0i dati riguardo alla\u00a0fertilit\u00e0 e alla nascita di bambini negli stati europei per il\u00a02014.\u00a0Il rapporto dice che\u00a0il tasso di fertilit\u00e0 pi\u00f9 alto d\u2019Europa \u00e8 quello della Francia, con 2,01 bambini nati per ogni donna. Il dato non \u00e8 una novit\u00e0: sono diversi anni che la Francia conserva questo primato, e come\u00a0ha detto<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0il demografo\u00a0Ron Lesthaeghe \u00abper quanto riguarda l\u2019economia, \u00e8 la Germania l\u2019uomo forte d\u2019Europa; ma quando si parla di demografia la Francia \u00e8 la nostra donna fertile\u00bb. Il secondo paese con il tasso di fertilit\u00e0 pi\u00f9 alto \u00e8 l\u2019Irlanda, con 1,94, mentre per l\u2019Italia \u00e8 di 1,37 bambini per donna, pi\u00f9 alto solo di quello di Grecia, Spagna, Cipro, Polonia e Portogallo.\u00a0Il motivo per cui le donne francesi fanno pi\u00f9 figli di quelle degli altri paesi europei \u00e8 che da diversi anni la Francia ha adottato una serie di politiche per aumentare gli aiuti alle famiglie con figli, senza per\u00f2 discriminare i genitori sposati da quelli conviventi, e incentivando le donne a non lasciare il proprio lavoro per occuparsi dei figli.\u00a0L\u2019Istituto\u00a0nazionale di studi demografici francese \u00e8 stato visitato negli ultimi anni diverse volte da studiosi giapponesi e sudcoreani, due paesi dove la popolazione\u00a0sta diminuendo moltissimo<\/strong><\/a>, che hanno cercato di capire quali sono le politiche francesi che hanno fatto aumentare il tasso di fertilit\u00e0.<\/p>\n

Gli anni Settanta e Ottanta furono negativi dal punto di vista demografico per la Francia, in cui il tasso di fertilit\u00e0 scese. Cominci\u00f2 per\u00f2 a aumentare verso la fine degli anni Novanta, e da qualche anno si \u00e8 stabilizzato intorno ai due bambini per donna: il tasso di sostituzione della popolazione, cio\u00e8 il livello di fertilit\u00e0 necessario perch\u00e9 la popolazione di un paese rimanga costante, \u00e8 nei paesi avanzati di 2,1 (in quelli pi\u00f9 poveri \u00e8 pi\u00f9 alto, per via del maggiore tasso di mortalit\u00e0). Il demografo\u00a0Laurent Toulemon\u00a0ha spiegato<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0al\u00a0Guardian<\/em>\u00a0che il \u201csegreto\u201d del successo della Francia (come i paesi scandinavi) \u00e8 che ha aiutato con politiche di assistenza economica tutti i tipi di famiglia, indipendentemente dal fatto che i genitori fossero sposati o conviventi: \u00abIn questi paesi le regole che riguardano le famiglie sono molto pi\u00f9 flessibili, con matrimoni tardivi, famiglie ricostituite, genitori single, e nascite fuori dal matrimonio e divorzi molto pi\u00f9 frequenti dei paesi del sud dell\u2019Europa. Le persone si preoccupano meno del concetto di famiglia [come istituzione]\u00bb. Toulemon ha spiegato come le cose funzionino diversamente, ad esempio, in Giappone: \u00abUna donna che inizia una relazione deve anche accettare il matrimonio, obbedire al marito, avere figli, smettere di lavorare dopo che sono nati e\u00a0occuparsi dei parenti pi\u00f9 anziani. O tutto o niente. In Francia il pacchetto \u00e8 pi\u00f9 flessibile: uno non deve per forza sposarsi o avere figli. Le regole sono pi\u00f9 aperte e le famiglie pi\u00f9 variegate\u00bb.\u00a0La percentuale di bambini nati fuori dal matrimonio in Francia \u00e8 di circa il 50 per cento, mentre\u00a0ad esempio in Italia \u00e8 di circa\u00a0il 25 per cento<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Prima di una riduzione decisa nel 2013 dal presidente Francois Hollande, la Franciainvestiva<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0circa il 4 per cento del prodotto interno lordo per aiutare le famiglie e i bambini (oggi investe il 3,5 per cento), e il grosso degli aiuti economici per le famiglie arriva con il secondo figlio (e cresce per ogni ulteriore figlio). A partire da quando i bambini hanno due mesi, in Francia\u00a0possono essere affidati<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0agli asili: circa il 40 per cento dei bambini sotto i due anni\u00a0viene affidato<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0a qualche servizio per l\u2019infanzia, e circa\u00a0il 92 per cento di quelli tra i 3 e i 6 frequenta la scuola materna. In generale, le donne francesi sono incoraggiate ad affidare i propri figli ai servizi pubblici dedicati invece che a lasciare il proprio lavoro o a interromperlo: anche per questo il tasso di occupazione femminile tra le donne francesi tra i 15 ai 64 anni \u00e8 superiore al 60 per cento (in Italia \u00e8 di circa il 46 per cento). Una legge del 2014\u00a0ha aggiunto<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0sei mesi di\u00a0congedo parentale a ogni coppia con un figlio, dando la possibilit\u00e0 anche all\u2019altro genitore (solitamente il padre) di occuparsi del figlio e permettendo quindi alla madre di lavorare. Negli anni Sessanta e Settanta molti sostenitori del concetto di \u201cfamiglia tradizionale\u201d sostenevano che una maggiore flessibilit\u00e0 nelle leggi sulla famiglia avrebbe portato a una diminuzione delle nascite: oggi per\u00f2 il tasso \u00e8 pi\u00f9 alto nei paesi europei in cui le donne lavorano, e pi\u00f9 basso in quelli in cui stanno a casa. \u00abLa libert\u00e0 di scelta per le donne \u00e8 essenziale per il sistema\u00bb, ha spiegato Toulemon.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0(*) Text by\u00a0Joseph BAMAT\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n

Latest update : 2013-06-11<\/p>\n

While a \u2018baby recession\u2019 has hit Europe along with an economic slump, France is bucking the trend with the highest birth rate on the continent. The government has been forced to cut back family benefits, but even that is unlikely to stop the trend.<\/p>\n

Julie is up at the crack of dawn.<\/p>\n

A frantic day, packed with diapers and court appointments, has just begun. The 34-year-old attorney is the mother of 2-year-old Milan and 6-month-old Martin. After the feeding and dressing rituals of the morning, she drops the boys off at a part-time nursery school. She then rushes either to meet clients at the courthouse or the police station, or to the small practice she opened by herself two months ago in the town of Tourves, about 45 minutes north of Marseille.<\/p>\n

She never takes a lunch break. That small sacrifice allows her to pick up Milan and Martin around 4:30pm and enjoy some playtime before preparing dinner. When the kids are finally sleeping peacefully, the young lawyer can get down to tackling the housework.<\/p>\n

Julie\u2019s case is fairly typical in France in as much as her children are in enrolled in some form of long-term childcare, even when they are a few months old.<\/p>\n

That is not the case of her peers in the rest of Europe. Even in Scandinavian countries that spend comparable amounts on social programmes aimed at families and children \u2013 in France about 4% of GDP \u2013 kids usually stay home longer. But many French toddlers \u201cgraduate\u201d from a part- or full-time nursery school, or home-based care with a nanny, to start public pre-school as early as 3.<\/p>\n

While Julie admits that she would have enjoyed more time at home with her kids after they were born, she says that quitting her job, or even putting it on pause for any extended period, was out of the question. \u201cMy job is vital to me. I need to exist as a person outside my couple and my family,\u201d she explained.<\/p>\n

Amy, an expat from New Zealand and an\u00a0aspiring novelist<\/span>\u00a0living in the Parisian suburbs, is another case in point. While some of the bureaucracy has been a burden since she moved to France 18 months ago, she has been happily surprised by how accessible childcare is for Louis, 2, and Elena, 1.<\/p>\n

\u201cSince coming to France I am much more focused and productive in my writing. Next year Louis will be in pre-school and Elena at the nursery, and I am really looking forward to it… In New Zealand, Louis would not be going to school for another two years,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

Widening childcare, despite cutbacks<\/strong><\/p>\n

However, France\u2019s generous family welfare policies, which include a diverse network of childcare options, cash stipends, tax breaks and other help, are now the target of cutbacks as France joins states across Europe in seeking to\u00a0scale back budgets<\/span>.<\/p>\n

The latest reforms are the result of difficult choices, President\u00a0Fran\u00e7ois Hollande<\/span>, a Socialist, said last week. His government has made plans to reduce child tax credits and lower childcare rebates. The measures will affect about 12% of families in France, according to the government, and save the government 1.3 billion euros by next year.<\/p>\n

The upside for families is that the government will not touch direct cash transfers for households counting two children or more, regardless of income levels. It also plans to create as many as 275,000 additional openings for early-age childcare, within institutions and home-stay options.<\/p>\n

The new measures fly in the face of Hollande\u2019s\u00a0recent pledge<\/span>\u00a0not to raise income taxes, and made him an easy target of opponents. But the president has insisted that reforming the system, by asking higher-earners to carry a heavier tax burden, is the only way to save it. The branch of France\u2019s welfare system dedicated to families was 2.5 billion euros over-budget last year.<\/p>\n

France\u2019s trend-busting birth rate<\/strong><\/p>\n

National statistics do not lend credit to romanticised notions that French women are slim disciplinarians, as argued in best-selling books like “French Women Don\u2019t Get Fat” and “French Children Don\u2019t Throw Food”. But they do reveal this: French women have more babies than women in other industrialised countries, especially when times are rough.<\/p>\n

FERTILITY BEFORE AND AFTER ECONOMIC CRISIS<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Fertility rates –\u00a0Number of children born to women<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2007<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2011<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Belgium<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.82<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.81<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

France<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.96<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.01<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Germany<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.37<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.36<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Iceland<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.09<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Spain<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.39<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.36<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

UK<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.90<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.96<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

US<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2.12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1.89<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Source:\u00a0Eurostat<\/span><\/p>\n

In March of this year, France\u2019s national demographic statistics agency INED said it had observed a \u201csurprising\u201d trend. While birth rates had dropped noticeably across the board in Europe and North America following the financial crisis starting in 2008, fertility in France has remained stable.<\/p>\n

On average, French women had 2.01 children in 2012, according to the most recent data. That means France now has a higher fertility rate than the United States, which traditionally has higher birth rates. As far back as 2000, France boasted higher birth rates than Germany and Britain. That remains true today, even as those economies appear to be\u00a0recovering faster<\/span>\u00a0from the global recession.<\/p>\n

According to INED\u2019s Olivier Th\u00e9venon, an expert in populations and social programmes, France\u2019s family welfare system goes a long way in explaining the trend. When studying long-term trends associated with high fertility, he said two important factors had been identified: welfare programmes that include the availability of long-term care for children under 3 years old and regular cash transfers to families with children.<\/p>\n

The single-child deterrent<\/strong><\/p>\n

In fact, family allowances in France only start with the second child, with the amount of the monthly stipends increasing with the number of children.<\/p>\n

The French government\u2019s recent reforms, Th\u00e9vanon said, are therefore likely to reinforce the high-birth trend, since it is investing in widening childcare and saving family allowances from the chopping block. This is not the case in Britain, which has seen deep cuts in allowances.<\/p>\n

They are also likely to help French women stay in the marketplace, according to Th\u00e9vanon. \u201cThese policies are the main drivers in helping women combine family and work,\u201d he noted.<\/p>\n

This might be of little consolation to French women who are\u00a0already unemployed<\/span>\u00a0and looking for work. While figures show that Britain and Germany have turned a corner on unemployment \u2013 for both men and women\u00a0\u2013 France\u2019s jobless rate has continued to climb, reaching a 15-year high this year.<\/p>\n

According to Angelica Salvi del Pero, a researcher with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the latest data does not show French women are faring better in terms of employment than their European counterparts. It only shows that they are not giving up their plans to raise a family.<\/p>\n

Family 2.0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Asked if they would consider having a third child, both Julie the lawyer and the Amy the writer say no, but explain their decision has less to do with finances \u2013 or the reforms\u00a0\u2013 than personal lifestyle choices.<\/p>\n

Julie admits to being disappointed with France\u2019s family welfare system even if she supports it. Her household income excludes her from any subsidies for the nursery school and she struggled with the administrative paperwork to register for family allowances.<\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t want to complain, but we contribute quite a bit of our salaries and see little in return,\u201d Julie, who considers hers a middle-class family and continues to benefit from tax breaks and an allowance, lamented.<\/p>\n

But that is not the reason she and her partner are stopping at two kids. Julie says she is already pulled in too many directions and misses \u201cprecious\u201d time with her children. Dividing her attention with yet another person seems a step too far. She is not concerned about Hollande\u2019s new reforms.<\/p>\n

France\u2019s population seems to have reached a healthy balance by giving women more options: to raise families and build careers at the same time. If the country can get back to economic growth, its family policies could be a model for European neighbours struggling with quickly-aging and even shrinking populations.<\/p>\n

And French women can continue to be the envy of the world, for the right reasons.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Date created : 2013-06-11<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c8 da anni il paese europeo con i livelli di natalit\u00e0 pi\u00f9 alti: c’entrano le efficaci politiche di aiuto alle donne e alle coppie, anche quelle non sposate.Marted\u00ec 15 marzo l\u2019Eurostat, l\u2019Ufficio Statistico dell\u2019Unione Europea,\u00a0ha diffuso\u00a0i dati riguardo alla\u00a0fertilit\u00e0 e alla nascita di bambini negli stati europei per il\u00a02014.\u00a0Il rapporto dice che\u00a0il tasso di fertilit\u00e0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1907,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1909","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-newsletter"],"yoast_head":"\nPerch\u00e9 i francesi fanno pi\u00f9 figli di tutti - Nuovi Lavori<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nuovi-lavori.it\/index.php\/perche-i-francesi-fanno-piu-figli-di-tutti\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Perch\u00e9 i francesi fanno pi\u00f9 figli di tutti - 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